I am going to quote from brief passages from the book Dissolving Illusions: Disease, Vaccines, and the Forgotten History, by Suzanne Humphries, MD and Roman Bystrianyk, written in 2013 and updated in 2015. I would file the chapter about puerperal fever (pyoo͞-ûr′pər-əl) under the heading “Doctors think they are gods”. The condition came about as doctors and hospitals began to crowd out midwives, who apparently knew something about cleanliness that doctors did not. And of course all doctors were male at that time, so there was no sense even trying womansplaining. They weren’t listening.
There is no particular bacteria associated with puerperal fever, and of course (in my view) no virus. It came about because of filth. Doctors refused to wash their hands and instruments between births, and often inserted them into the post-partum vaginal canal. The result, often enough, was severe pain, pelvic abscesses, sepsis, high fever and an agonizing death.
“In the United States, Europe, New Zealand, Sweden and whereover conventional midwifery was abandoned and taken over by the new male midwives known as obstetricians and medical students, puerperal fever followed.”
The loss of life was stunning, with records showing that perhaps 50 percent of mothers who gave birth in a Paris hospital died.
Doctors were insulted at the suggestion that their hands were dirty, and many had the arrogance to continue to ignore factual evidence showing that they were the cause of maternal suffering and death …
—Another example, from Britain, was the widespread use of chloroform and forceps by general practitioners in uncomplicated deliveries between 1870 and the 1940s. This was described by one observer as a tendency a “little short of murder” and accounted for many unnecessary deaths.
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis of Austria was a long-suffering advocate for women who tried to get the medical profession to wash their hands and practice more like the midwives did. What follows is tragic and makes no sense:
In 1865 Dr. Semmelweis was deceived into entering an insane asylum and when he tried to escape, he was severely beaten by guards. A gangrenous wound to his hand, probably caused by the beating, led to his untimely death two weeks later.
That’s apparently a side story, but I wonder if his advocacy for women and for cleanliness among doctors led to his entrapment. While alive …
Dr. Semmelweis directed the doctors of his hospital to use a chlorinated lime solution on their hands prior to touching women. When doctors and medical students complied, the maternal mortality rate went from a high of 32 percent down to zero. Using a similar antiseptic solution, Dr. Breisky of Prague reported in 1882 that he delivered 1,100 women in succession without a single death.
It reminds me of the story of the famed nurse Florence Nightingale, who advocated for nothing more than cleanliness in treating patients.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes tried to get the medical profession to wash their hands and practice more like traditional midwives. He was ignored and professionally attacked for holding those views. After years of mental anguish, watching women die needlessly, he left the field of medicine in disgust. He went on to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.
The tragic deaths of so many women resulted over time in millions of motherless children relegated to die or to live in squalor. It does not do us well to romanticize the 18th and 19th centuries or to imagine that life was anything short of brutal and short for so many during those times.
There are numerous reputable sources that clearly demonstrate how improved living conditions, more nutritious food, better obstetric care and other non-vaccine elements were responsible for the decline in infectious disease death rates. Despite this clear evidence, today’s vaccine proponents continuously and falsely claim that vaccines are the principal reason for the increase in life expectancy we enjoy today.
Piece of Mindful 
In my opinion, this Semmelweis story was part of the conspiracy to impose this ridiculous story of pathogenic microbes. Because it’s clearly a conspiracy. Just look at variolization, which was pushed from the start by the kings of the time (18th century). And Jenner, the man who introduced vaccination itself, was a Freemason.
Semmelweis’s “experiments” were a further step in spreading this theory in people’s minds, before the big changeover in the 1880s with Pasteur and Koch.
In the same vein, we have Joseph Lister, another Freemason, who “established” in 1869, more than 10 years before the explosion of the theory of microbial diseases, that by practicing asepsis, the surgical mortality rate could be reduced from 60 to 15%. This, too, served to prepare minds before the arrival of Pasteur and Koch.
And Semmelweis’ theory is ridiculous. If germs from corpses could kill women who were, on the face of it, in good health (when you manage to carry a pregnancy to term and you’re in your twenties, you’re generally in good health), it should have killed the surgeons performing the autopsies. And more generally, handling meat should result in thousands of deaths. And you couldn’t even eat it, unless you cooked it in such a way as to eliminate all germs.
In reality, what killed women who gave birth was the diagnosis of the doctors of the time and then their treatment (bloodletting, opiates, purgatives, etc.).
And the story that the doctors of the time rejected Semmelweis’ theory serves to make him look like a pioneering genius, almost a dissident doctor. It was better that people didn’t think that all this came from the powers that be.
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Thanks – that has some explanatory power. However, I did not attribute the loss of life in childbirth in those days to microbes of any kind, but merely filth … dirt, dried blood, and toxins of many flavors including yeasts, bowel and failure to keep things clean, as Nightingale asserted. If indeed pathogenic microbes were so easily moving from person to person as asserted by modern allopathic medicine, we would not be here.
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I think dirt or dried blood would be an “insult” to the body, sure, if it got inside the birth canal or a surgical cut.. but trivial to deal with. It would be surrounded by pus or whatever, pushed out through the skin or eliminated elsewhere. There would have to be a toxin such as bacteria, or a parasite, that has some method to resist the body’s defenses, establish itself, and proliferate.
I think living organisms of this sort are clearly established, visible with ordinary microscopes, and can be linked clearly to various pathologies – because unlike viruses, they can be clearly seen to be present in certain cases, or to cause harm if introduced, or when present in drinking water, etc. Hence why chlorination, though not ideal, does avoid some risks of untreated water.
Viruses seem like where they “jumped the shark” to me, created a phony layer on top of an actual thing (ie bacteria, parasites or various visible “pathogenic microbes.”) But perhaps I’m too naive even believing that much? Hopefully someone will correct my error if so.
If I’m right though, or on the right track, I would speculate that the Semmelweis story was fanciful, but benign propaganda about the importance of cleanliness in medical procedures.
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I like your comments always. Of course the Semmelweis story may be made up and with purpose, but what evidence do we have of that? It is mere speculation. I do not view human or animal organisms as incapable of withstanding filth in any other circumstance other than prolonged exposure … that’s my only take from these tales, that people began to live longer and better because of the crapper and sewage treatment. A brief visit to India years ago showed me a platform atop which people would shit into a pile of crap below … this opposed to our lives here where each of us now has a private shitter. That has got to make a difference in not just quality, but length of life, in my view,
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Thank you Mark, likewise of course.. always enjoy reading your views and the discussion it can provoke.
Btw, in a previous thread there was some talk about where to draw the line on DNA, PCR, etc.. I finally found this site again, recommend it to everyone, lots of questions about the origins of all this-
http://critical check.com
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Sorry, that link does not work, even if I remove the space.
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@Timr,
Bacteria can’t be pathogenic to animals, because in the body they’re always in a moving liquid.
And how do bacteria feed? By emitting a liquid that dissolves nearby flesh or other foods. The bacteria then absorb the dissolved particles. In a moving liquid, this dissolving liquid will be diluted. Bacteria will then be unable to break down their food and feed themselves.
Moreover, even if the liquid were not dissolved, the bacteria would have to remain in contact with the food long enough to be able to dissolve it. But, because of the flow, they will be separated from the food long before they manage to do so.
And even if they did stay in contact long enough, the dissolved food would be carried away from the bacteria, before they could absorb it.
So bacteria can’t multiply in a moving liquid, and neither can yeast.
Also, the body gets rid of particles suspended in the blood via the liver and kidneys. And bacteria are among these particles. This is another reason why their numbers remain limited in the body.
Bacteria can only develop when the movement of liquids stops. That’s why if you keep a tourniquet on too long, gangrene sets in.
So, bacteria do exist. But they can’t be pathogenic in living animals. They can only decompose dead bodies, when liquids stop moving.
Obviously, medical orthodoxy knows this, but doesn’t talk about it. If it did, the theory of pathogenic bacteria would collapse. It keeps everyone focused on the idea of the immune system (which doesn’t exist), to explain why bacteria remain scarce in the human body.
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Thank you Hexzane. Good info. It’s funny, I’ve been dealing with digestive issues off and on for awhile.. I wonder if it could relate to what you describe, ie that I don’t always keep liquids/ stomach contents moving.. whether I eat poorly, and overwhelm the liver or kidneys, or what. I get bloating and stopped up digestively.. maybe the bloating is because bacteria get a chance to multiply and create an excess or imbalance
?
Dr Jennifer Daniels is big on the idea of keeping everything moving continuously, saying many illnesses occur when things can’t be cleared out normally, so express as symptoms. Anyway, sorry for the personal digression.
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Water or salted water (sterile saline solution) is likely sufficient to cleanse most wounds after some invasive accident. The following sounds horrible so you are warned: but my scrotum was torn open in a hiking accident a decade ago, required ~20 stitches to close. I was bushwhacking down a very steep blowdown section of Spruces in the White mountains of New Hampshire at a 20% or so grade, and slipped on a log that had a rather sharp pointed stick coming up at a right angle to the ground, putting the fulcrum of my body weight on that soft spot. I hiked out two miles more in fear (losing the family jewels?) than pain, and drove to the nearest hospital, an hour away. The emergency room doctor just used a lot of saline to clean out the bark and dirt and sewed it back up, no problem.
Also, I’m not convinced Giardia is a real thing. I drank water in my youth (teens until now) from any flowing stream, as long as it wasn’t downstream of some industrial plant or obvious runoff. I tried to minimize my water input to clean sources, but I wasn’t about to carry a filter around. As long as it tasted fine, had no odor, or particulates, color, and I was thirsty, I would drink as much as I needed to quench my thirst. And I never got sick from this, as I did it most of the time, at least once a week.
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Agreed on all and especially on giardia, a nasty marketing device.
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“giardia”
The (wilderness) claims are ridiculous… “Less than one drop of water can contain a death sentence”, blah, blah, blah. Have you ever filtered water and NOT gotten a single drop here or there? Pffft. Me and my hiking buddies probably consumed sufficient volumes to be severely polluted, or dead by now. Open Range – grazing animals, and the collection of other wild critters defecating or whatnot into the water source – unknown to us. Not once in all my travels have I, or them had any issue whatsoever… and that’s not because every container also had gin, vodka or bourbon as the addmixture.
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I adopted a 3 month old kitten in August 2015, from a poorly run county shelter. She had numerous intestinal parasites such as giardia once I took her to my vet. The shelter did not think she would make it but she’s almost 9 years old and certainly my favorite. Maybe only animals really get giardia. I don’t know.
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Giardia used to go by the nickname “Beaver Fever”. That pretty much says it all.
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Well something was eating Pixie and Cooper alive. It wasn’t fleas. They were both three and a half months old and should have weighed 3.5 lbs. Cooper weighed 1 lb 5 ozs and Pixie weighed 1 lb 2 ozs. My vet was appalled at their condition. Kittens should weigh one pound for every month of life. So something was terribly wrong with P and C. Cooper recovered quickly but Pixie wasn’t out of the woods until a couple of months later. She even got a bloody nose.
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Well something was eating Pixie and Cooper alive. It wasn’t fleas. They were both three and a half months old and should have weighed 3.5 lbs. Cooper weighed 1 lb 5 ozs and Pixie weighed 1 lb 2 ozs. My vet was appalled at their condition. Kittens should weigh one pound for every month of life. So something was terribly wrong with P and C. Cooper recovered quickly but Pixie wasn’t out of the woods until a couple of months later. She even got a bloody nose.
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I love cats, but we have not had one since 2009. If we take the plunge, it will be two, probably littermates.
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I would suggest adopting black cats. People are still superstitious about them but the shelter employees have said that black cats are just one color and not very interesting. So great companions get left behind for these reasons. That’s a shame.
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I too love cats, especially in comparison to dogs. In Thailand, where I’ve gone 5 of the last 7 years for a month of winter escape, the canine population was exploding to the point where it was getting out of hand. Then in December 2023 there were far fewer dogs, and I noticed the cats were out in much larger numbers. It’s almost like an eternal struggle of Spike (the bulldog) and Tom (the Cat, whom I always rooted for), -the reference being Tom and Jerry. I asked around and tried to determine the decrease in dogs but came up without a satisfactory answer.
To boot, I remember visiting Jamaica in 1988 and it was overrun with cur like dogs, very depressing.
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Maybe the dogs were eaten, God forbid.
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If the dogs were eaten it’s because dog eats dog. Thai people love their pets as much if not more than Americans, they don’t eat dogs or cats in this day and age. Go to a Buddhist temple in the mountains, often the monkeys run the place – no exaggeration, the monkeys jump on your car for fun and then jump off. The Thai national religion is an interesting hybrid of Buddhism and aspects of Hinduism, particularly it’s reverence for animals. Food is dirt cheap, and unfortunately obesity is on the rise. The only suspected covid vaccine death i personally knew of there was a friend of my wife’s family who died at age 35 of a blood clot to the brain, but she was very overweight so unclear if vaccine was responsible, my guess is it contributed. The Thais rebounded much better after covid, because in general they are poor as dirt, and i say that in the most respectful way, so the shit rolls right off their backs.
Healthcare? Wedon’t need no stinkin’ healthcare (says the average Thai villager)
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My late husband spent weeks at a time in Thailand working for Cisco Systems. He loved Thailand and was always treated well there. He was half Korean on his Mom’s side and half Irish hence my last name. He was always invited to the homes of the people he worked with through Cisco and said they served him, the guest, more food at one meal than the hosts would eat in a week.They kept extending his stay week after week. He was killed back home by a hit and run driver at age 42. Many of those same friends/co-workers attended his service coming all the way from Thailand. Very humble and giving people. I can see why you go back to Thailand. I never got to go there myself.
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Recommended book, it’s a fascinating portrait/snapshot of the Thai monarchy, a vestige of an institution that survived and thrived well into modernity. I will give my sneak preview opinion of what happened to King Ananda in 1946: he was fake killed because of his lousy PR skills, and inability to handle exposure/crowds, to allow his much more capable younger brother Bhumibol, the legendary Rama IX you see everywhere in Thailand, who ruled from 1946-2017, to take over. The fake death of Ananda is almost JFK level in terms of psyops/stage play.
The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand’s Bhumibol Adulyadej: Handley, Paul M.: 9780300106824: Amazon.com: Books
I remember my wife being impressed that I knew more about Thai history than the average citizen by the time I first set foot there. It sure does make the locals respect you more when you take a serious interest in their history and culture.
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It sure does go a long way even just learning a few kind words and phrases in another language is endearing. That effort opens many doors and opportunities to meet folks who do the heavy lifting so to speak, which is the true heart of the country.
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Ananda Mahidol – Wikipedia
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Thanks Lisa for the thoughtful comments. I must tell Marks readers that going to Thailand is like going back in time 200 years to when things were simpler, and Covid never existed. That is, until you see the g-damn masks still around, mostly worn by the poor food preparers in the malls. I just want to run around and rip their masks off and scream “be free!”.
Back to my point: traditional Thai medicine was no slouch, it was based on real empirical medical evidence and outcomes over hundreds of years. But guess what (I know readers here will be shocked, shocked!) happened: traditional Thai medicine was blackwashed severely when good ‘ol alloperic medicine and Rockefelllers medicine men came to town. You want a massage: you must be some kinda perv, right? You think the negative connotation of getting a massage (with getting a happy ending) happened by accident? Guess again bucko: Western change agents targeted traditional massage hard and heavy to help ruin Eastern medicine and turn it into a joke. Massages are, in truth, one of the best and most important health rituals you should use to cleanse your lymphatic system and keep your muscles and tendons in good working order.
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I knew a guy who fell on rebar just walking home from high school. A good clean and stitches was all it took. A bit embarrassing but saved the family jewels. He’s now a granddad.
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The (wilderness) claims are ridiculous… “Less than one drop of water can contain a death sentence”, blah, blah, blah. Have you ever filtered water and NOT gotten a single drop here or there? Pffft. Me and my hiking buddies probably consumed sufficient volumes to be severely polluted, or dead by now. Open Range – grazing animals, and the collection of other wild critters defecating or whatnot into the water source – unknown to us. Not once in all my travels have I, or them had any issue whatsoever… and that’s not because every container also had gin, vodka or bourbon as the addmixture.
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A favorite writer of mine, Edward Abbey, favored the desert and would drink whatever water available, noting that his body ultimately decided what was OK and what not. If he chose poorly, his bowels would quickly pass whatever brine he ingested. Of course, this left the problem of carrying enough water to survive, but he managed. He ultimately died at a relatively young age of cirrhosis of the liver, so his choices of beverages in the wild were not what got him.
In my days of carrying stuff on my back and drinking out of streams, I foolishly let advertising and fear get the best of me, carrying a pump and filter with me, extra pointless weight. Advertisers know how a little fear goes a long way. You were and are wiser than me, and I recall some of the most delightful water I ever drank came from ice cold mountain streams. Kudos.
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I’m sure much natural water is fine to drink, but would you want to go back in time to a crowded NY tenement and drink whatever water was on offer there? I haven’t traveled much, but isn’t it common to get sick from drinking water in other countries (at least until your body adapts to the bacteria(?) or whatever else is in there..)
Dr Daniels, among others, points out that most bacteria have a dual role – only “bad” in excess/ imbalance. And even then, they’re still just “doing their job,” proliferating because of conditions, feeding on something, etc. Though maybe if exposed via contaminated waste water getting in drinking water, that’s another matter? I don’t know. She described once that large buildings sharing an outhouse was a problem, with lack of running water, bacteria(?) or “microbes” of some sort were passed around (she wasn’t specific.)
Seems contradictory to me that the view here is “better sanitary conditions solved childhood illnesses” but also “sanitary shmanitary.” Or am I misreading.. maybe “bacteria” are discounted, but other “filth” is a problem? Can we all agree parasites are something to avoid? Chemical/ industrial byproducts and toxins I could see being a culprit as well.
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I worked in a grocery store while in high school, and stocked shelves. Now and then I would come upon a can of soup or beans that was bloated as if ready to explode. Bacteria was the cause, but I did not understand that the tin can created the environment where the bacteria thrived, oxygen free. Bacteria in such an environment can harm us … they are normally our passengers and friends, but can deal nasty business our way. That is all I know.
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Having traveled to Thailand 5 times in the past 6 years, and Mexico several times in the past, I found the whole Montezuma’s revenge part complete bullshit. The only infirmities I’ve encountered are due to lack of sleep and excessive exposure to heat, or early stress at meeting new relatives. Now I’m fresh as a daisy after 24+ hours of air travel. My secret – I love arriving at a new country and being inundated with new scents, scenes, attitudes. I’m ready to go from the time i get off the plane.
I also wanted to caution about drinking random outdoor water sources now. In the past I never worried if I was thirsty, now the geoengineering flights spraying aluminum or whatnot suggest groundwater may now be contaminated with metals. I personally drink only metal filtered, reverse osmosis deep well water at present; they deeply blackwashed fluoridation and how exceptional rainwater tastes in Dr Strangelove; Kubrick was a great filmmaker but deserves to die in hell due to his viscous misinformation and propaganda he callously displayed in his filmmaking. That being said, charcoal filtered rainwater, as I tasted it in Thailand, is exceptional, and no conspiracy you cocksucker Kubrick.
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I have a Berkey RO filter, but I read about how they can develop some fungal or moss like growth (maybe not visible or to taste) if not cleaned properly with some solution they sell. So not using it right now, until I figure that out. I’d like to have the water analyzed, maybe, not sure how feasible that is or worth the trouble.
On chemtrails my question is always, wouldn’t that contaminate too indiscriminately? Effect the people doing it? Seems hard to avoid. And if not “elites,” the surely their flunkies? Their flunkies are at least mixed in among the plebes.
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That is a quote from http://criticalcheck.wordpress.com
Long articles, but only a few there. It’s sort of a strange background to the story of theorizing/ discovering DNA… As with viruses, the early work is all this indirect observation of manipulating various chemical mushes, almost into oblivion one could say.. seems highly tenuous to reach conclusions from it, and those conclusions to be borne out decades later, with the advancement of tech and applied uses.. just interesting, I don’t have a settled view of it all yet.
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Rosalind Franklin’s family history is interesting.
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Can you elaborate please?
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well, Rosalind is the crystal scryer that is given credit for Tim gosling’s father’s famous photo 51. She was a Fraenkel. Her great grandfather was Ellis Arthur Franklin. They are part of the Montagu/Samuels clan of course.
she studied under j.d. Bernal. Bernal was quite the hustler.
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this is the second attempt to reply. I cannot be bothered to type too much on this site.
just google photo 51 and the Fraenkel clan. The franklins are the Montagus and the Samuels.
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I cannot unravel the depths the so-called DNA psyop and what others are claiming (as to why it is so pernicious). The idea DNA is fake is preposterous. I say this from many years of working with DNA and proteins, and doing manual and “modern” DNA sequencing, Sequencing is critical for making site directed mutants (of proteins) and checking if the mutation changed the expressed protein sequence correctly. Protein sequencing can be done by mass spectrometry, or more specifically MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry) where you trap peptides and rupture the covalent bonds using a strong electric field to create b, x, y ions).
However; I do agree Watson and Crick were overreaching by suggesting DNA is sole source of heredity. I agree here with the critics, there is no mechanism proposed which explains to a satisfactory degree that all “phenotypes” are the result of the exact “genotype”.
My brief conclusion is don’t fall for the confusion. The DNA sequence is A, C, G, and T, A pairs with T, G with C. I have tons of evidence to support this. Moreover there is a specific DNA code that specifies for specific amino acids, these codes are three letters long and called codons.
Just wanted to clear up some of the confusion on this topic. Now as to how this all started, forget about it - I don’t see it happening without some sort of active tinkering. You can’t create organisms by random chance.
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Thank you for this comment. Three things have been argued repeatedly on this blog: 1) DNA is not real, 2) Nuclear Power is not real, and 3) Space travel is impossible. I disagree on all three.
I have seen DNA and PCR used in my life, once letting a man out of prison after 15 year’s, and again in identifying the man who committed the crime for which the man was unjustly imprisoned. The only answer I got on that is that police must have known and merely used DNA to cover their asses. That makes no sense.
By the way, this was a proper use of PCR technology, comparing strands of DNA to see if they matched or not. PCR use to identify people carrying viruses is science fraud.
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A big reason I know this is from designing oligonucleotide primers, its a pain in the ass, especially if you fuck up. And boy have I messed up – get one letter wrong in the sequence it won’t work, or you get the wrong amino acid expressed, and had to order new primers. So instead of blithely dismissing all science as fake, bow in awe of how damn good these molecular machines are. DNA polymerase typically makes a mistake once in ONE MILLION BASE PAIRS – all while polymerizing DNA at a rate of a hundred base pairs per SECOND! Sometimes think the enzymes and bacteria are smarter than us.
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do these letters go into a computer?
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Now that you mention it, the library of mutant proteins in my lab was written down on a bunch of index cards, like your moms cake recipes, with all the sequence changes written out, primers used for the mutation recorded, and the restriction enzymes used for snipping and inserting recorded dutifully.
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so you didn’t use automated sequencers?
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No, that was years into the future. I do remember the excitement of the completion of the human genome in 2000 in grad school. I later learned it wasn’t really complete, more of a shotgun sequence, or pieces of giant puzzle, put together in an ostensibly logical way.
Darwin and evolutionary theory has been heavily questioned of late, and for good reason. As I mentioned before, so called Darwinism is completely insufficient to explain the emergence of life. I spent about 25 years theorizing from a biochemist/chemist perspective, and it’s a real mystery how you could produce something so ordered as a tiny cell out of randomness. I have no mechanism to propose for that.
However, we were talking about sequencing. One part of molecular biology that is a fact is proteins from closely related species, if you presume mammals for example have a common ancestor, are very similar in sequence. Yet almost never identical. The amino acid substitutions are often in areas where the substitution will not cause a change in structure or function, yet the best explanation is a “genetic drift” away from a common prototype. Human proteins are very similar to mouse and rat, which tells you something right there.
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yep. The zany Darwin clan should be questioned of course. So I’m assuming you did Sanger sequencing.
It’s difficult to find detailed information and how it is done or to find a video of someone actually, let’s type, preparing their template or why one type of polymerase is used over another or even how the primer oligos are manufactured or chosen for a particular template or how a single oxygen atom is removed to make ddNTPs.
what I don’t have trouble finding is someone in a lab coat preparing for the capillary electrophoresis stage, flouro-detection stage, and the computational analysis stage.
Can you point me to any comprehensive and detailed videos of the entire process per chance?
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They may or may not, and they do not need to. When I started grad school in the 1990s we still used lots of hand written lab notebooks, and yeah you had to write the letters down, in correct sequence, to get the right result. This need for exactitude was always an issue for me, I like shooting from the hip when i can, which is why computer science was never my forte. However, nature is a scientist of sorts, and what’s most fascinating is DNA polymerase can find and start right on the start codon every time, and do it correctly, in the right reference frame. Because there is only a 1 in 6 chance of reading the DNA reference frame correctly, you need to start at the right spot, and in the right direction, because there are two directions – 5 to 3 prime, and vice versa. Nature is not sloppy.
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